Marks by Linda Pastan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marks by Linda Pastan - Assignment Example The speaker’s days and nights are all devoted to her family and she passes her life in getting different kinds of marks for all her doings by her family. She seems like an average housewife whose duty is to take care of all her family members. It seems that she has no personality of her own but only that, which is assigned to her by her family. She talks about her family as to what they think about her. The dramatic situation in the poem is categorizing of the woman according to educational marking schemes by her family members who are not mature at their own places. The central metaphor in the poem is the marking of the women according to different criteria of the family members. The poem is given the title ‘Marks’ and the poem talks about educational marks all over. The poem’s theme is about the life of a housewife who has to do her duties in order to get more marks by her family members.

To My Father Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

To My Father - Essay Example To the world, my dad is a war hero. He is sick right now but I know the world prays for him. I want him to get up from the bed. My dad is a hero to me more than anybody. He picks me up when I’m down; he lifts me up when I have no hope from others. My friends, my siblings, they can leave me on my own but not my dad, he loves me too much.Had my dad lived an ordinary man’s life and not went to the gulf war; he would still be my hero. I gave him my Medal of Honor when I was a little kid and I cut my knee on the stool nail and he came to the rescue; picked me up, cleaned the wound, wiped the blood. There was something special about his touch, the moment he put his around the wound, the pain went away.I was fine even before he put the antiseptic that stung so bad, but it was alright because my dad was there. My hero means everything to me, he took care of me when I was growing up, now I try to do the same when he is growing old. He needs me more than ever, I try to live up to the standards but I know even if I sacrifice my whole life for him, I can never return the favor.Who tells their old parents, when they keep asking the same thing over and over again, each time with a gentler smile than before? No one. But he kept responding to me when I kept asking about the world, over and over again, he never frowned. Now I ask myself, can I do the same? Dad, I’m sure you can fight this illness the way you fought for the American people. You are the bravest of the brave and I salute you.

The Report Of Hots Simulation Tourism Essay

The Report Of Hots Simulation Tourism Essay The main purpose of this report was to create a marketing strategy to increase the profit of the hotel. The hotel faced some difficulties with their operation and management. In order to improve those problems, the marketing plan needed to be identified and some market strategies should be formulated. The report comprised the marketing strategic plan for five years, which had been created after SWOT analysis. According to the strategies, the marketing plan had be designed an action plan which would specify activities implemented to accomplish the goals of organization. Through identifying and analyzing marketing strategic plan, the hotel could overcome their difficulties more smoothly. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Company Background The traditional hotel was built in the 1950s and located on the seafront in a town, close to other hotels and a short distance from the main shopping centre and the nearest airport. There were good road, rail and bus links to major cities and other resorts. The hotel had 250 guest rooms with large, comfortable and vary in decorative style and standard. The hotel also provided several leisure facilities, 24 hours front desk, car parking. However, the business experienced its reduction stage by its inappropriate marketing strategy. Moreover, the business was greatly affected by competitive environment and high turnover rate of employee. 2.2 Competition Information There were three direct competitions existing in this area and competing for the same market. The Table 2-1 showed the information below. Table 2-1: General hotel information Hotel Star Rating Rooms Service Our Hotel None 250 A full service restaurant Pub bar with snack service A small swimming pool Car parking The Palace Hotel 4 Star 150 À la carte Restaurant and Coffee Shop Two bars Health Club Conference and Business Bureau Car Parking to rear The Park Hotel 3 Star 200 Restaurant Bar Small Health Club Conference Facilities and Business Services Ample Car Parking The Mariner 2 Star 70 Restaurant Bar Two Conference Rooms Car Parking Source: HOTS background document Table 2-2: Price information The Palace Hotel The Park Hotel The Mariner Weekday Room Price  £125.00  £89.00  £69.50 Weekend Room Price  £90.00  £42.50  £65.00 Lunch Price  £33.00  £25.00  £19.75 Dinner Price  £59.75  £43.50  £36.75 Tours Price  £67.50/person  £46.25/person  £41.50/person Source: HOTS market research These properties provided similar facilities and service. Furthermore, they also focused on business needs providing conference facilities, and incorporate more leisure facilities than our hotel provided. 2.3 Aims and Objectives Aim: The aim of this report was to reduce the level of staff turnover and increase the revenue of hotel. Objectives To identify current approaches to reduce staff turnover. To determine marketing strategy to increase hotel operating margins To make conclusions and recommendations for further operation. 3.0 Strategic Planning Process Olsen (2007) mentioned that in order to create company strategic plan, it was necessary to go through the strategic planning process, including several important steps and activities. Although each company had different situation and challenge, strategic planning mode was appropriate to deal with complex work including forecasting and scheduling (Wheelen and Hunger, 2006). According to the book of Marketing Management, it provided a strategic planning process which consists of several steps such as SWOT analysis, goal and strategy, programme formulation and feedback and control, respectively (Kotler and Keller, 2009). A simplified view of the strategic planning process was shown by the following figure: Figure 2-1: Strategic planning process within a business unit Source: Adapted from Kotler and Keller (2009) 3.1 SWOT Analysis According to the strategic planning process, in order to analyze the hotel environment, SWOT analysis should be adopted in this report. Glaister and Falshaw (1999) mentioned that SWOT analysis has been ranked as the most frequently used approach for analyzing the environment. The value of SWOT analysis has been promoted because of its effectiveness in identifying the main problems concerning the organization and the simplicity of its execution (Hill and Westbrook, 1997). The main purpose of implementing a SWOT analysis was usually to offer a strategic direction for organization practices (Pickton and Wright, 1998). Moreover, Dyson (2004) claimed that the ability of SWOT analysis to integrate internal and external environments of an organization allows competitive strategy formulation more easily. Other benefits of SWOT analysis include its ability to organize information, enhance a managers understanding of the business and factors affecting its performance, and improve strategic pla ns for the business (Pickton and Wright, 1998). The following analysis demonstrated the internal strengths and weaknesses of the hotel and the opportunities and threats facing the organization in the external environment. Table 3-1: SWOT analysis Strength Weakness A short distance from the main shopping centre. The rooms are large, comfortable and vary in decorative style and standard. Near airport. Good road, rail and bus links to major cities and other resorts. Good conditions on refurbishment of rooms. Enclosed garden with a small swimming pool. Old building. No Leisure Facilities, Business Services, Conference Facilities or Meeting Rooms. Not have a star rating or AA Diamond rating. Serious staff turnover problem. Opportunity Threat The local authority decided to offer economic relocation package to small and medium size firms. The resort had become a popular location for conferences. Different kinds of popular festivals and well established tourist events were often held in the town. Convenient transportations. Too many hotels entered this market. Source: HOTS background document 3.2 The Goal of Hotel After environment analysis, the hotels goals were set up. Short-Term Goals To reduce staff turnover rate. To increase customer satisfaction. To achieve lower overall costs than rivals. To increase public awareness by advertising. To change the advertising strategies according to the environment changes. Long-Term Goals To achieve a bigger market share. To achieve lower costs relative to competitors. To achieve a stronger reputation with customers than rivals. To increase hotel operating margins. To improve the quality of hotel facilities by doing refurbishments. To improve the quality of staff services by providing training programs. Intended Strategy Selection Because of competitive environment in this area, the hotel should consider strategies for gaining a competitive advantage. This section was going to list several strategies for the hotel to achieve its aim and goals. 4.1 Competitive Advantage Due to the high expenditure of hotel, it should apply Porters generic strategy theory. Porter argued that core capabilities and intangible asset resources could formulate exhilarating competitive advantage for companies (Poter, 1980). Hofer and Schendel (1978) suggested that at the business level, the most vital component of strategy was competitive advantage, which was de ¬Ã‚ ned as the unique positions an organization develops vis-a-vis its competitors through its pattern of resource deployment and decisions of scope. Porter introduced three types of generic strategy for creating a defensible position and outperforming competitors in a given industry, included overall cost leadership, di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erentiation, and focus. After SWOT analysis and competition information, the hotel should e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ectively utilize overall cost leadership to create defensible positions against other competitor forces. A cost-leadership strategy could offer the hotel above-average returns because it enables firms to lower prices to match or beat their rivals and still earn profits (Philips, Chang and Buzzell, 1983). Moreover, from the perspective of customers, a cost-based marketing strategy was effective because lower price offerings appeal to customers in competitive environment (Li and Li, 2008). Through the influence on a hotels competitive advantage, it could allow hotel to reach its goals (Amit, 2006). 4.2 Promotion But, how do customers choose the hotel? It was not enough for the hotel to have good products sold at attractive prices. To generate sales and profits, the advantages of products had to be communicated to customers (Sunday and Bayode, 2011). In marketing, this was commonly known as promotion. Utilizing all possible tools for promoting the product and service was known as its promotion mix. Proper implement of promotional mix could increase the market share and improve organisation growth in the face of strong competition. (Sunday and Bayode, 2011) also claimed that the promotion mixes had a stage at which it would be most effective and advertising as well as publicity were usually suitable for all stages. Considering customer requirement in different quarter, advertising and publicity were usually adopted. Through market research, the information regarding seasonal demand and advertising effectiveness were obtained. The advertising campaign was changed which was based on these two pi eces of information. When there were high requirements on a particular item, the campaign would be focused on this particular item in order to draw more public awareness since there were several choices existed in the market. For instance, conference business, meal and liquor would be the hotel main advertisements during from Quarter 1 to Quarter 1 since it was one of the peak periods for business traveler (Figure 4-1). Figure 4-1: The hotel advertising decisions Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation 4.3 Internal Marketing High employee turnover was one of the most serious phenomena in the hotel. Arnett, Laverie and McLane (2002) pointed out that successful internal marketing strategy could lead to important payoffs for an organization. The value of internal marketing stem included low employee turnover rates, an increase in service quality, and high levels of employee satisfaction. The reduction in employee turnover could decrease the cost of recruiting and training and increase their level of job satisfaction. Furthermore, it also could increase employee satisfaction and motivate staffs to be more engaged and, as a result, they were more likely to take actions that result in improved customer satisfaction and hotel profitability. 4.4 Employee Training Employee training also could improve this problem and provide other benefits. The positive relationship among employee training, job satisfaction and intention to stay had been established (Conrade and Woods, 1994; Heskett et al., 1994; Roehl and Swerdlow, 1999). Training had been linked to improve self-esteem, reduce turnover, better product and service consistency, higher satisfaction of customer, reduce cost of business, and greater job satisfaction (Roehl and Swerdlow, 1999). Through employee training, the hotel could not only build customer satisfaction and loyalty, but increase the impact on profitability and growth, which was created by satisfied, loyal, and productive employees (Chiang, Back and Canter, 2005). 4.5 Balance Scorecard Successful performance resulted from goals achievement and strategy implementation (Wu and Hung, 2008). However, the main weaknesses of strategic management practice were usually associated with the stage of implementation. Actually, Mintzberg (1994) asserted that more than half of the strategies formulated by organizations were never actually implemented. Therefore, successful strategy implementation was not only dependent on effective strategy, but also management as well as control systems. Without control systems it was argued strategy implementation would not be implemented successfully. It had been suggested that the framework of performance management such as the Balanced Scorecard could, by forming the basis of strategic control systems and offering an important link between strategy and action, assist companies to accomplish effective strategic implementation. The Balanced Scorecard took into consideration the vision and strategies of company, focusing on both  ¬Ã‚ nancial and non- ¬Ã‚ nancial performance. It monitored short-term  ¬Ã‚ nancial performance while also highlighting the benefit of long-term  ¬Ã‚ nancial metrics and competitiveness (Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1996, 2001).This strategic control system ensured that the hotel effort put into preparing lengthy and detailed strategic plans was completely translated into action (Bungay and Goold, 1991). The scorecard measured firm performance across four balanced perspectives: financial, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth (Atkinson, 2006). Figure 4-2: The Balanced Scorecard four main perspectives Source: Adapted from Atkinson (2006) The Balanced Scorecard could offer specific targets so that the hotel could know what to do (Corboy and OCorrbui, 1999); could motivate down the line leadership (Beer and Eisenstat, 2000; Alexander, 1985) and could clarify strategic intent into clear managerial actions (Reed and Buckley, 1988). If the Balanced Scorecard was executed completely itself, it could implement management in an evaluation of the strategic strategy and thus avoid planning errors and prevent oversight. 5.0 Performance Measures 5.1 Financial Performance First of all, training cost was one of the important elements for the hotel bankrupt. A wrong decision was made as mentioned. High training cost had been spent in Year 2 because employees always complained such as The training here is worse than the last place I worked. After increasing this cost, it did not take a turn for the better. Employees still unsatisfied and turnover rate were still high, so several weeks later, the hotel decided to increase the training spending per person, and this action leaded high expenditure. The full training spend was shown in Appendix 1. Second, advertising cost was a major expenditure in the hotel. A large amount of money was put into sales and marketing for the purpose of advertising. In low seasons, a cost control was conducted strictly. A cheaper advertising media was preferred rather than posting advertisement in Sunday Newspaper. For example, Local Weekly Newspaper for liquor advertisements was selected as promotion medium during five years. D uring peak season, more money was allocated in order to increase business traveler awareness. The most effective and efficient medium with higher costs would be chosen, such as Business Press for weekday and weekend room. Final, in the first week of Year5, a negative net income was occurred. The hotel was almost broken and running out of cash since conference facilities were conducted. A great amount of money was put into this facility (Appendix 2). This issue indicated cost control was not well in the hotel. According to the balance sheets of 5 years, a total current liability fluctuated significantly, but the total asset and the owners equity of the hotel decreased steadily from year1 to year5. The table of those items was shown down below: Table 5-1: Annual balance sheet Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total asset  £3,611,471  £3,125,194  £2,568,502  £1,883,081  £1,011,426 Total current liabilities  £85,464  £106,929  £84,000  £104,693  £64,390 Total owners equity  £3,526,007  £3,018,265  £2,484,502  £1,778,388  £947,036 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report The Table 5-2 and Figure 5-1 showed that the revenue was declining from year 1 to year 5. It was because after the hotel spent lots of money in the hotel rooms, facilities and promotion tools, customers still unsatisfied the service and usually ignored it. It was hard for the hotel to build up customer loyalty and receive more revenue. Table 5-2: Annual total revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Revenue  £1,839,580  £1,238,893  £1,097,280  £949,309  £910,448 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report Figure 5-1: Annual revenue and profit Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report For net income, due to the increase in cost of sales, marketing, net income was decreased from year 1 to year 5. Moreover, the hotel had built many facilities to fulfill the market demands, a great amount of maintenance fees occurred. It caused a decrease in the hotel net income. It also conveyed that the hotel did not perform as well as previous, the profitability was decreasing. Table 5-3: Annual net income Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net Income  £341,988  £-507,742  £-487,182  £-706,114  £-831,352 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report In the past 2 years, total room revenue was increased by  £189,910 from year 1 to year 2. It indicated that the hotel could attract more customers successfully. However, between year 3 and year 5 the revenue was decreased (Table 5-4). It conveyed that there were several problems existed such as customer had walked past it but they had never noticed it. Table 5-4: Annual room revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Rooms Revenue  £463,547  £653,457  £595,299  £543,476  £523,456 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report FB department was the second largest revenue generator. It contributed almost 50% of total revenue of the hotel from year 1 to year 5. The table demonstrated a big increase from year 1 to year 2 as cost leadership strategy was adopted in year 1. However, in the following 3 year, no new strategies were applied and FB department revenue was decreased continually as the same as room department revenue (Table 5-5). Table 5-5: Annual food and beverage revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Food and Beverage Revenue  £349,009  £542,118  £459,638  £365,980  £348,745 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report As the Table 5-6 showed, occupancy rate was increased steadily from year 1 to year 5. The occupancy rate was only increased by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Besides, average room rate was decreased slowly from year 1 to year 5 since environment became more competitive. In order to compete with our competitors and increase occupancy rate, declining room rate was a must. Moreover, REVPAR had also increased slowly from  £15.9 to  £17.9, and the main reason was the effect of the competitive environment. What the hotel could do was to adjust the average room rate in order to control the hotel business. Table 5-6: Annual occupancy rate, average room rate and REVPAR Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Occupancy rate 27.1% 38.2% 37.0% 34.5% 32.7% Average Room Rate  £58.76  £58.74  £55.31  £54.16  £54.82 REVPAR  £15.9  £22.4  £20.4  £18.7  £17.9 Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report 5.2 None-Financial Performance Training was an important section in the hotel operation. Decisions were made according to different periods and market needs to allocate the numbers of staff in each department. And the range between the increase or decrease number of employee was  ±3. To the payroll of the employee, except the department heads were Brand 2 payments, the others were set as Brand 1. And this strategy was used from the first year to the fifth year. However, in week 62, all Brand 1 payments were changed in to Brand 2 in order to increase the employee satisfaction and reduce staff turnover. Training affected the employee quality in terms of the input of the training cost. Overall the five years operation time, training cost kept increasing each year. The hotel wanted to provide excellent service to their customer by increasing the staff quality. Better qualities of staff and service leaded to have positive feedbacks from hotel customers such like Service could not be improved much. Therefore, more pos itive feedbacks leaded to greater market awareness and share (Appendix 3). The hotel had serious staff turnover problems in several years and received not good comments from the customers such as You never see the same member of staff twice. However, after the hotel implemented the internal marketing and training, the staff turnover rate decreased significantly from 123.8% to 54.2% (Table 5-7). Table 5-7: Annual staff turnover rate Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Staff Turnover 123.8% 65.0% 76.5% 118.2% 54.2% Source: Adapted from HOTS simulation report 6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations After spending 5 years to run the hotel, it was realized that there were many unpredictable incidents coming up, the management-team lacked flexible response to the upcoming challenges. Although the hotel finally bankrupted, the statistics demonstrated that the strategies had ever helped the hotel performance well in Year 2 and earned profit. The hotel market share also increased during a five-year period. Moreover, the management team solved the problem of employee turnover by increasing the training expense and salary. For future action, it suggested that due to the town had become a popular location for conferences, conference room should be built at first rather than the last year. This strategy could attract more businessmen and increased hotel competitiveness in this area. Furthermore, building conference room also had another advantage for the hotel, which provided extra facilities for customers to increase their satisfaction.

African-American women Essay

Firstly however we must address the problems that occur when separating the effects of time and interference. Baddeley and Hitch (1977) conducted a survey whereby they asked rugby players to recall the names of teams they had played against during the previous season. Due to illness and injury some of the players had been unable to play in all the fixtures. This meant for some of the players two games back meant two weeks ago whereas with others two games back meant four or five weeks ago. The findings showed that passage of time was not the main factor that determined how well the teams could be recalled, but it was the number of games that effected recall. In other words forgetting occurred more often where team members had other games interfere with previous fixtures rather than trace decay. If interference is the major cause of forgetting within L. T. M it should be true that people will remember material over a time period providing no interfering material intervenes. It is clearly difficult to set up a condition whereby no participant is immobilized after learning with any opportunity for the occurrence of any new learning. This has led researchers to look at the effect of different types of interfering material on recall. McGeoch and McDonald (1931) asked participants to learn and relearn lists of adjectives and then compared their performance on recall tests after interpolated tasks. Forgetting these adjectives was at its least when participants simply had to rest during the learning and recall and increased when participants were required to learn nonsense syllables in the interval. Rates were even higher when it was adjectives that were learned in the interval and were at there highest when the adjectives learned were similar in meaning to the original list. This shows that forgetting increases as a function of the similarity of the interfering material. Retroactive Interference Proactive Interference Retrieval Failure This is also known as the â€Å"tip-of-the-tongue† phenomenon and comes about when we think we know something but cannot recall it at that precise moment in time. This is due to the fact that the correct retrieval cues are not available. Sometimes different words related to the original memory can prompt us to remember the memory and these are called â€Å"interlopers. † Brown (1991) has reviewed this phenomenon for the last 25 years and has concluded that people can correctly name the first letter of the target word between 50 and 70 per cent of the time along with being correctly accurate with the number of syllables in the word. The interloper theory (retrieval cue) was investigated by Perfect and Hanley (1992) who found that distinctiveness of the target word and its similarity in meaning play a factor in recall. Tulving was another researcher to investigate retrieval cues and it was his work with Osler (1968) that led to some interesting findings. They presented participants with lists of words, each paired off with a weakly associated cue word e. g. city-dirty. Participants where then tested for free recall (without the cue word) or were cued with the word e. g. dirty. They found that cued recall consistently produced higher levels of recall. To counteract the argument that any semantic association might aid the recall, they gave participants weak semantic associates which were different to that of the original cue words. These cues did not aid in recall and so led them to conclude that specific retrieval cues aid recall if and only if the information is stored at the same time as the information about the membership of the word in a given list. While Tulving stressed the importance of cues at the encoding stage he later admitted that cues not present at this stage could also be helpful under certain circumstances. Context Dependant and State Dependant Learning Research has shown that we remember more if we recall things in the same state as what we learned them in. In other words how we encode material at the time of learning is clearly important. Godden and Baddeley (1975) presented deep-sea divers with lists of words to learn. They learned these on the beach and under 15 feet of water. Recall was then tested in either the same or the opposite environment. Findings showed that recall was significantly better if tested in the same environment. These differences however are only small but it has been suggested that by even simply imagining the original environment can be helpful. Smith (1979) gave participants a list of 80 words to learn while sitting in a distinctive basement room. The following day he tested some of the participants on recall in the basement room and others in a fifth floor room with quite different surroundings. Average recall for the basement group was 18 but for those in the fifth floor room it was only 12. A third group was tested in the fifth floor room but were instructed to imagine themselves in the basement. The average recall for this was 17 words. There is also some evidence to suggest that not only external environment plays a role in recall but also our internal environment i. e. physiological state or mood may play a part. Godwin et al (1969) found that heavy drinkers who learn things in a drunken state are more likely to recall them in a similar state. Eich (1980) has found similar findings with a range of drugs including marijuana. Research into the Role of Emotional Factors in Forgetting Flashbulb Memories Psychologists have often ignored the role of emotion in human cognitive processes but it seems likely that the way we feel has an impact upon the way we remember things and one particular type of memory that seems to be influenced by emotion have been called flashbulb memories. This is a particularly vivid, detailed and long lasting memory of an event that is usually highly significant and emotional and is usually unexpected. It can be a personal event or something that provokes worldwide interest e. g. death of Princess Diana. Research carried out by Brown and Kulik has led them to conclude that the event must be surprising and have real consequences for the person’s life. They believe that such an emotional event triggers a neural mechanism that causes details of the scene to be imprinted on the memory. They believe it is a special type of memory because the detail and accuracy with which the event is remembered and the fact that the structural form of the memory is always so similar. They believe six different types of information about the event are stored being i. Where they were ii. What they were doing iii. The person who gave them the news iv. What they felt about it v. What others felt about it vi. What happened in the immediate aftermath However not all psychologists believe that flashbulb memories are special. Neisser (1982) believes that the longitivity of such memories result from frequent rehearsal and reworking of the event rather from neural activity at that precise moment in time. He believed that we recall it clearly due to the fact that we resort to storytelling techniques when telling someone about the event. It is still unclear whether flashbulb memories represent a particular type of memory or whether they are substantially similar to most memories for big events. Repression Another view about the way in which we forget things was put forward by Freud (1915-18) who believed that some memories become inaccessible as a result of repression. He believed that we use an unconscious process that ensures that threatening or anxiety-provoking memories are kept from our conscious awareness. These memories may stay repressed for years and never come to mind or can do in the form of hysterical neurosis. Although it has proved difficult to recreate repression in laboratory circumstances a number of attempts have been made. Levinger and Clark (1961) asked participants to generate associated words with words presented by them. Some of these words were emotionally neutral e. g. tree, window and others were emotionally arousing e. g. angry, quarrel. When asked to recall these associated words results showed that people tended to recall the emotionally neutral ones as opposed to the emotionally provoking ones, which helps to support the idea of repression. However such tests are considered suspect and Holmes (1990) concluded that there is no experimental support for the concept of repression. Recently research has focused upon repressed memories associated with child sexual abuse and whether or not recovered memories are genuine. The main problem with assessing whether or not they are true is that they have no independent, objective corroborative evidence. Williams (1992) found that 38 percent of a group of African-American women who were known to have suffered abuse reported repressed memories about it although it was clear that some of these memories were false. Loftus (1997) conducted an extensive review of studies that led him to believe that even psychologically healthy individuals altered their memory of events based on false suggestions about them. Baddelley concluded that it is important to exercise great caution in interpreting such reports.

The Opposition to Polish Immigrants in the US - 1727 Words

Reflective Essay Introduction Triggering Event: Immigrants in the United States from Polish ethnicity have not been warmly received in many instances, and in fact immigrants from Poland often struggle with issues like language and legal status. While much of the focus of the news media zeros in on the issues and problems related to immigrants crossing the border from Mexico, there are other immigrants like those from Poland that also have their problems and issues. As a result of the problems many Polish immigrants experience, there seems to be a movement wherein many of these immigrants are returning to Europe. Transition Paragraph Thesis: I have first hand knowledge of these issues and problems that confront Polish immigrants because I am an immigrant from Poland. I personally have struggled with the language (English), with some discriminating actions against me, with my own status in the United States, and I fully realize that without an education I will be like many Polish immigrants and return to Europe where conditions and benefits are better for me. Moreover, the economy in the United States is in a downturn and that has negatively impacted immigrants from many parts of the world, including Poland. In Poland, I will not have to be embarrassed by assertions that Polish immigrants dont pay taxes, or dont deserve a good job because they are not native born Americans. 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Table 1 Top Ten States based on percentage of Jewish population 2012 State % of US pop of Jewish State % of US pop of Jewish New York 26.2 Pennsylvania 4.4 California 18.2 Massachusetts 4.1 New Jersey 17.5 Maryland 3.5 Florida 9.5 Ohio 2.2 Illinois 4.4 Texas 2.1 Total 92.1% (Jewish population in the United States 2012, 2013) Indiana is the twenty-seventhRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pages2  Bottling plant murders * 4.2.1  Guatemala * 4.2.2  Colombia * 4.2.3  SINALTRAINAL lawsuit * 4.3  Shareholder resolution attempt (2002) * 5  Boycotts and controversies * 5.1  Israel and the Middle East * 5.2  2010 Polish election campaign * 5.3  Defense of Marriage Act * 5.4  Bolivian criticism * 6  References * 7  External links | ------------------------------------------------- Health effects[edit] Since studies indicate soda and sweetened drinks

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Why Do We Have Dreams - 790 Words

The reason behind dreaming has still not been scientifically proven, but there are many theories and religious beliefs as to why people dream at night. Theorists, such as Sigmund Frued, devoted their time to peoples dreams and observing them while they dream and sleep. These scientists have discovered that people are most likely to dream during the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of sleep than any other stage because the mind is more aware then. There are theories that say that dreaming can predict the future, show past memories, or is just pure entertainment while sleeping. Theorists have been trying to determine the cause behind our dreaming when we sleep for thousands of years. In ancient civilizations, the people believed that dreams were messages sent to them from the gods. Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, Sigmund Freud believed that we dream to make sure that we are able to sleep through the night. Scientists have begun to do more studies on the brain while a person is sleeping and have been trying to find a reason as to why we dream. Sigmund Freuds theory about dreams says that the humans mind is made up of three parts: Id, Ego, and Super-Ego. The Id, which we are born with, is the part of the mind that acts on instinct and makes sure that we are satisfied. The Ego, which we develop as toddlers, brings us to reality and shows us that other people have feelings and needs too. The Super-Ego, which is developed by age five, is the portion of our mindShow MoreRelatedDreams: Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Dreams are a series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations occurring involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.† This is the true definition of what dreams are according to Free Dictionary.com. Although many people are unaware of how dreams actually work there are two psychologists that have been able to pinpoint the true meaning of dreams. These two men are Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. There are many different perceptions on how people dream, what dreams mean, and why peopleRead MoreDreaming from Various Sources1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe usefulness of dreams. This paper will also take time to explain what a dream is, when dreams happen, and what their potential purposes may be. To start this paper, we first must understand what a dream is. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a dream is a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep. Dreams take the things we see during our waking hours and translate them into unique, sometimes horrifying, and possibly meaningful ways. Dreams could also be representationsRead MoreDreaming Is Something We ve All Experienced While Sleeping1565 Words   |  7 Pagessleeping. Our dreams are produced by an altered state of consciousness, in which images and fantasies become mixed with reality. We all experience dreams that range from the pleasant and the not so pleasant or nightmares. Dreaming is still largely a mystery to science, as experiments are conducted to figure out why we dream and how dreams function. We do know one thing for sure, that everyone dreams unless in the rare case they are prevented by meditation or a brain injury. Dreams occur in twoRead MoreThe Purpose of Dreams1235 Words   |  5 Pages Dreams are a very ponderous things. Simply saying, dreams are a stream of images, sounds, and the actions of something; like a movie. But never have dreams been able to be explained. The Greeks and Romans claimed that dreams were signs from their gods and had prophetic magic (www.scientificamerican.com). Even though the purpose of dreams has not been discovered, a huge movement in the study of dreams occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1952, scientists in Chicago discoveredRead MoreInformative Speech on Dreams Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience on dreams Intro: Can you remember the last dream you had? Maybe you could fly or were falling down an endless dark tunnel. Perhaps you were awakened by a horrific dream in the middle of the night. If any of you are like me you experience vivid dreams. I would like to start by share one of my dream experiences with you all. About two months ago I had a dream that my boyfriend was cheating on me, now I know all you girls and guys can relate to this. I wake up in the morning with my dream stillRead MoreAmerican Dream : Resources And Competency Are Recipes For Success Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Dream: Resources and Competency are Recipes for Success American Dream as defined by Merriam-Webster online as â€Å"an American social ideal that stresses egalitarianism and especially material prosperity.† What is the American Dream to you? Is it having a stable and a high-paying job? How about owning a beautiful house, car, and bank account? Perhaps, your definition of the American Dream is being the founder and owner of a multi-billion dollar business empire that has businesses in everyRead MoreDream Should Be Seen As A Prophecy1137 Words   |  5 Pageshistory there have been many theories about dreams. One of them was that dream should be seen as a message coming from outside individual, mostly from God like creatures. And another theory is that dream should be seen as a prophecy, being able to tell us what awaits for us in the future. These theories are prescientific so today we don t view dreams this way. Freud then came along and proposed that dreams reflect a conflict between the unconscious desires and the conscious mi nd. So, dreams are mostlyRead MoreThe United States And The American Dream1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has always been known for having the American Dream, which is why many people come here to see what it is all about. In the last few years, many people do not know what the American dream is turning into because of the decline of jobs and different social structures are obstructing this dream. Many people are working multiple minimum wage jobs these days to try and make ends meet because they do not hold the skills or the qualification to work anywhere else that pays better. TheRead MoreDreams And Dreams1729 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations and true meanings of dreams has expanded and has varied over centuries and cultures. Many of the earlier studies were based on culture’s and the interpretation of dreams, but also used as a form of prophecy, inspiration, and guidance. Many people still believe this such, people today beliefs and theories have opened u p to a more vast interpretation, they are made up of; dreams are rare brain activity, dreams allow people to reflect on themselves, or that dreams are too massive to be correctlyRead MoreTaking a Look at Sleep Paralysis690 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween the state of rest and awakening; often seeing troubled things. Since when I was young I would have some experiences with sleep paralysis. Due to the unusual experiences, I became interested to research the topic and took my time to read about it more. Sleep paralysis, occurs with the most normal sleeper, so it’s possible it can happen to you. What I’m really trying to get across is, why not educate yourself with it now, so you’ll be more aware when it does happen. Sleep Paralysis can be